{"id":1646,"date":"2020-09-06T05:55:40","date_gmt":"2020-09-06T05:55:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/cthecosmos.com\/?p=1646"},"modified":"2021-11-24T01:59:02","modified_gmt":"2021-11-23T20:29:02","slug":"curiosity-msl","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cthecosmos.com\/?p=1646","title":{"rendered":"CURIOSITY &#8211; MSL"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull is-light is-style-default\" style=\"min-height:250px;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"has-background-dim-100 wp-block-cover__gradient-background has-background-dim has-background-gradient\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 18%,rgb(35,46,50) 33%,rgb(19,51,65) 52%,rgb(120,31,69) 84%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center has-text-color wp-block-heading\" id=\"chill-while-reading-or-chill-after-reading\" style=\"color:#ffffff;\"><strong>CHILL WHILE READING OR CHILL AFTEr READING<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/the-wolf-and-the-moon.mp3\"><\/audio><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#062634;\">MARS! Our lovely neighbour.&nbsp; Do you want to go there? One day we might be there, don\u2019t worry, Elon\u2019s here with us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#062634;\">Scientists sent many rovers, landers and orbiters to mars. One among them is Curiosity. Curiosity is the largest and most capable rover ever sent to Mars. It launched November 26, 2011 and landed on Mars at 10:32 p.m. PDT on Aug. 5, 2012 (1:32 a.m. EDT on Aug. 6, 2012). It is one of the most sophisticated machine which was built by humans and sent to mars. You might have surface information about curiosity; here we\u2019ll get into the details of how curiosity actually works.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"498\" height=\"290\" data-attachment-id=\"1660\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/cthecosmos.com\/?attachment_id=1660\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/tenor.gif?fit=498%2C290&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"498,290\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"tenor\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/tenor.gif?fit=498%2C290&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/tenor.gif?resize=498%2C290&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1660\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#062634;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration:underline;\">MSL- MARS science lab \/CURIOSITY<\/span><\/strong><br>Curiosity is a completely autonomous vehicle. &nbsp;&nbsp;The radio signal from earth to mars takes about 10 to 40 minutes depending on the position of Earth and Mars. The delay would be huge if all the instructions were sent from earth and hence it was built autonomous. The power source of curiosity is Atomic. An Atomic power source Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG) and is completely independent of solar power. The top speed of curiosity is 100 meters\/hr. There is a high powered laser present on curiosity which it uses to zap stones where are upto 7 meters away and uses a spectrometer to analyse them.&nbsp; A Sol is a Martian day; 1 SOL=24 hrs 40 mins.&nbsp; Curiosity exceeded the original mission requirement vastly(its initial mission was till 2014). &nbsp;All of the configurations of curiosity are controlled by a single on-board computer. From Travel to landing and exploration.<\/p>\n\n\n\t\t<div class=\"aligncenter wpcnt\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpa\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"wpa-about\">Advertisements<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"u inline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"padding-bottom:15px;width:300px;height:250px;float:left;margin-right:5px;margin-top:0;\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"atatags-1-6a9ed63d2fc46\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.getAdSnippetCallback = function () {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tif ( true === ( window.isWatlV1 ?? false ) ) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\/\/ Use IPONWEB scripts.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.__ATA = window.__ATA || {};\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.__ATA.cmd = __ATA.cmd || [];\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.__ATA.cmd.push(function() {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.__ATA.initSlot('atatags-1-6a9ed63d2fc46', {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tcollapseEmpty: 'before',\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsectionId: '1273388396',\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tlocation: 200,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twidth: 300,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\theight: 250\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t});\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t});\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\/\/ Use Aditude scripts.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.tudeMappings = window.tudeMappings || [];\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.tudeMappings.push( {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdivId: 'atatags-1-6a9ed63d2fc46',\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tformat: 'gutenberg_rectangle',\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twidth: 300,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\theight: 250,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t} );\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif ( document.readyState === 'loading' ) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdocument.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', window.getAdSnippetCallback );\n\t\t\t\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.getAdSnippetCallback();\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"480\" height=\"270\" data-attachment-id=\"1688\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/cthecosmos.com\/?attachment_id=1688\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/4n1d.gif?fit=480%2C270&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"480,270\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"4n1d\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/4n1d.gif?fit=480%2C270&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/4n1d.gif?resize=480%2C270&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1688\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#062634;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration:underline;\">Hardware of curiosity<\/span><\/strong><br>Processor- BAE RAD750; it is a radiation hardened version of IBM PowerPC 750. Can be clocked up to 200MHZ. On Curiosity, this is clocked at 133 MHz.<br>The board on curiosity has 256 KB of EEPROM, 256MB of RAM and 2GB of flash storage.&nbsp;<br>The entire configuration is present 2 times on curiosity, like two computers with same configuration.&nbsp; We can refer to those computers as \u2018A\u2019 side computer and \u2018B\u2019 side computer. Both of them are independent. When one of the computers fails, the other one takes control. &nbsp;There are few components which are present only on one side of the computer example: Navigational cameras.&nbsp;<br>Everything present on curiosity is radiation hardened.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"641\" height=\"564\" data-attachment-id=\"1661\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/cthecosmos.com\/?attachment_id=1661\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/bae-rad-750.png?fit=641%2C564&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"641,564\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"bae-rad-750\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/bae-rad-750.png?fit=641%2C564&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/bae-rad-750.png?resize=641%2C564&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1661\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"929\" height=\"662\" data-attachment-id=\"1662\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/cthecosmos.com\/?attachment_id=1662\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/board-present-on-curiosity-curiosit-uses-the-right-side-size-board.png?fit=929%2C662&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"929,662\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"board-present-on-curiosity-curiosit-uses-the-right-side-size-board\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/board-present-on-curiosity-curiosit-uses-the-right-side-size-board.png?fit=929%2C662&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/board-present-on-curiosity-curiosit-uses-the-right-side-size-board.png?resize=929%2C662&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1662\" \/><figcaption>Curiosity uses the right side board<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#062634;\"><span style=\"text-decoration:underline;\">FEW FEATURES OF RADIATION HARDENED COMPONENTS<\/span><br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Silicon on Sapphire.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Static RAM instead of DRAM<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Chips shielded by depleted Boron<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Package shielded<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Error detection using parity bits and Scrubber Circuit<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Watchdog Timers<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Redundant Elements that vote on correct results<br><br><\/p>\n\n\n\t\t<div class=\"aligncenter wpcnt\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpa\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"wpa-about\">Advertisements<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"u inline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"padding-bottom:15px;width:300px;height:250px;float:left;margin-right:5px;margin-top:0;\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"atatags-2-6a9ed63d30040\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.getAdSnippetCallback = function () {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tif ( true === ( window.isWatlV1 ?? false ) ) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\/\/ Use IPONWEB scripts.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.__ATA = window.__ATA || {};\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.__ATA.cmd = __ATA.cmd || [];\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.__ATA.cmd.push(function() {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.__ATA.initSlot('atatags-2-6a9ed63d30040', {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tcollapseEmpty: 'before',\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsectionId: '1273388396',\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tlocation: 200,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twidth: 300,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\theight: 250\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t});\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t});\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\/\/ Use Aditude scripts.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.tudeMappings = window.tudeMappings || [];\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.tudeMappings.push( {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdivId: 'atatags-2-6a9ed63d30040',\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tformat: 'gutenberg_rectangle',\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twidth: 300,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\theight: 250,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t} );\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif ( document.readyState === 'loading' ) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdocument.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', window.getAdSnippetCallback );\n\t\t\t\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.getAdSnippetCallback();\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#062634;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration:underline;\">Software of curiosity<\/span><\/strong><br>On Curiosity, they use <strong>Vxworks 6.7<\/strong> a simple real time operating system. Many industries like SpaceX, NASA, and Robotics industries use this OS.<br>The system on curiosity uses Embedded C++ (no Garbage collection, no on-the fly memory allocation), GCC 4.1.2<br><br>Not all the features of Embedded C++ are used. NASA limited their code to \u201cEmbedded C++\u201d constructs, such as:<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exceptions: NONE<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Templates: NONE<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; IOSTREAM: NONE<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Multiple inheritance: NONE<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Operator Overloading: Almost none (Only \u201cnew\u201d and \u201cdelete\u201d)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dynamic Allocation: Guarantee no system heap corruption using a dedicated memory pool and placement New.<br><br>The memory is overwritten by a custom memory allocator which JPL wrote for <strong>VxWorks<\/strong>, whose features involve<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;* Graceful access to defined memory pools- which Is very important for out of memory conditions.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;* Supports multiple pools in different parts of the ram- By this it is easy to separate multi processes.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;Provides Diagnostics- There\u2019s a display which shows each new and delete operation and can also give a map of RAM on request and it can also downlink a map of RAM if needed.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp; The same allocators are used for JPL UNIX machines.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*  There is no garbage collection \u2013which is very expensive.<br><br>The main philosophy of the flight software is its component based architecture. Functions are grouped into components and the components exports and interface and identify the interfaces that are needed to a function i.e you can replace and\/all components of the system as long as they share the same interface. Which also means you can work on one particular component without interfering with other parts of the system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"741\" height=\"866\" data-attachment-id=\"1665\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/cthecosmos.com\/?attachment_id=1665\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/vxworks_7_bootup_screen.png?fit=741%2C866&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"741,866\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"vxworks_7_bootup_screen\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/vxworks_7_bootup_screen.png?fit=741%2C866&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/vxworks_7_bootup_screen.png?resize=741%2C866&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1665\" \/><figcaption>STARTUP BOOT OF vxWorks version 7<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"563\" data-attachment-id=\"1667\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/cthecosmos.com\/?attachment_id=1667\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/maxresdefault.jpg?fit=1280%2C720&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1280,720\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"maxresdefault\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/maxresdefault.jpg?fit=1000%2C563&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/maxresdefault.jpg?resize=1000%2C563&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1667\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#062634;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration:underline;\">Components are organized in layers<\/span><br><\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <strong>The Avionics Layer Functional Interfaces (primitive, atomic actions)-<\/strong>The lower level components deals with the hardware directly. There are abundant redundancy components i.e. when there is any problem with the lower level component, it can automatically switch to a redundancy component without letting the other levels know that the lower level are shifted. It\u2019s like, it sends a signal to other levels that \u201csomething is wrong and I\u2019m using backup but you don\u2019t have to worry about what went wrong, I\u2019ll deal with it.\u201d<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <strong>Application layer Activity Interface (Build on top of the Avionics Layer)-<\/strong>This is the next layer which coordinates these atomic function into actions.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong> Activity Layer (Activates that use the infrastructure)-<\/strong>This is the top layer which group these actions into activates like landing or analysing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"990\" height=\"552\" data-attachment-id=\"1668\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/cthecosmos.com\/?attachment_id=1668\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/layers.png?fit=990%2C552&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"990,552\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"layers\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/layers.png?fit=990%2C552&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/layers.png?resize=990%2C552&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1668\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#062634;\">An interesting point here is the \u201c<strong>LAND ON THE SURFACE<\/strong>\u201d module does not exist on curiosity anymore; it was deleted as soon as the curiosity landed on the surface of mars.The most complex module on the system is the surface navigation module. This occupies 10% of the total code base.There are over 100 modules each with its own owner\/master. For ex: The mobility and science modules do not need to worry about the spacecraft safety. Instead the mobility and science module should protect the spacecraft i.e. it should not perform any action which can damage the spacecraft or put curiosity\u2019s safety at risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\t\t<div class=\"aligncenter wpcnt\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpa\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"wpa-about\">Advertisements<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"u inline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"padding-bottom:15px;width:300px;height:250px;float:left;margin-right:5px;margin-top:0;\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"atatags-3-6a9ed63d304bb\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.getAdSnippetCallback = function () {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tif ( true === ( window.isWatlV1 ?? false ) ) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\/\/ Use IPONWEB scripts.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.__ATA = window.__ATA || {};\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.__ATA.cmd = __ATA.cmd || [];\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.__ATA.cmd.push(function() {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.__ATA.initSlot('atatags-3-6a9ed63d304bb', {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tcollapseEmpty: 'before',\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsectionId: '1273388396',\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tlocation: 200,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twidth: 300,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\theight: 250\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t});\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t});\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\/\/ Use Aditude scripts.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.tudeMappings = window.tudeMappings || [];\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.tudeMappings.push( {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdivId: 'atatags-3-6a9ed63d304bb',\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tformat: 'gutenberg_rectangle',\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twidth: 300,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\theight: 250,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t} );\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif ( document.readyState === 'loading' ) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdocument.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', window.getAdSnippetCallback );\n\t\t\t\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.getAdSnippetCallback();\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#062634;\">There are plenty of testing done on the software such as Unitest, static analysis, validation and verification, Test as fly and many more.Curiosity flight software can be remotely be updated from earth. This means, engineers can tweak the software as needed. In fact, one of the scientist of the curiosity mission said:<br><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-light-gray-color\">\u201cWe finished the EDL build on the way to Mars\u201d-Dr Kathryn Weiss<\/span><\/strong>, JPL . This is the mobility module which helps the curiosity to move its wheels, arms and other stuff. This module was completed as curiosity was cruising towards mars. Once the rover landed, it safely updated the complete module (the update took a week).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"445\" height=\"250\" data-attachment-id=\"1670\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/cthecosmos.com\/?attachment_id=1670\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/land.gif?fit=445%2C250&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"445,250\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"land\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/land.gif?fit=445%2C250&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/land.gif?resize=445%2C250&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1670\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#062634;\"><strong>How does the software update mechanism work?&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; First, the software is uploaded into the active computers ram and run there and if system behaves in a weird\/ unexpected way, it can always reboot and recover from the flash storage. &nbsp;Then series of tests are conducted to check if everything works well. If it does, the software is uploaded to the flash memory and then the system is booted from flash memory. After another series of test, the software is update to another part of the computer and the same process is continued. &nbsp;<br>Rover day starts at 9 am in Maritain local time. Curiosity is in dream mode before it wakes up. In dream mode the FPGA\u2019s keeps the rover warm and makes the curiosity ready to be woken up and then its gets directions from earth.&nbsp; At 18:00 the curiosity uploads data back to earth. The MMRTG produces 110W of power, rover needs 45-70W even while sleep, 15W while awake and upto 500W while driving. It stays awake for about 6hrs each day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"766\" data-attachment-id=\"1671\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/cthecosmos.com\/?attachment_id=1671\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/21929_pia22486-web.jpg?fit=1600%2C1226&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1600,1226\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"21929_pia22486-web\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/21929_pia22486-web.jpg?fit=1000%2C766&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/21929_pia22486-web.jpg?resize=1000%2C766&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1671\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#062634;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration:underline;\">DRIVING<\/span><\/strong><br>The rover driving part uses a <strong>RSVP, Rover Sequence and Visualisation Program<\/strong> to plan drives. This has been updated over years.&nbsp; In RSVP the terrain data is sent back to earth and the rover driver engineers on earth analyse the data and build a 3D terrain. After building, they analyse the data and send orders to curiosity on what to do next, like zap a rock, move over, climb etc.<br>There can be various orders, such as be <strong><span style=\"color:#2acecb;\" class=\"has-inline-color\">Blind driving<\/span><\/strong> (point and go). This is the easiest mode of driving but dangerous while canvassing. The rover can be pointed to a direction and be commanded to just drive in that direction.<br><br><strong>Visual Odometry<\/strong> is available on curiosity. Odometry means to see how far you\u2019ve come by counting the wheel revolutions. Normal Odometry wouldn\u2019t work on curiosity as the wheels may slip through dust and sand. So, it takes pictures of before and after and compares how far it came.<br><br><strong><span style=\"color:#2acecb;\" class=\"has-inline-color\">Autonav<\/span><\/strong>&#8211; In this mode, the rover fixes a target\/location and goes to that point by avoiding difficult areas\/the no-go area. Curiosity has stereo cameras and takes pictures with them. Before travelling to the target immediately, curiosity first maps the path. As there are stereo cameras available, it compares pictures on both of the cameras and avoids the regions which are blurry or unclear. It performs a series of maps considering the terrain, height, slope, roughness, big rocks, pop up rocks which might scratch it belly area and can damage the components and many more. By considering these factors and calculating the possibilities all of these , curiosity prepares few paths which allows it to travel. From the drawn paths, it calculates which is the easiest where least amount of danger &nbsp;is present and chooses that path to move to its target. All of this is will be done by the on board computers and is performed with each and every step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"444\" data-attachment-id=\"1672\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/cthecosmos.com\/?attachment_id=1672\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/rover-path.png?fit=1020%2C453&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1020,453\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"rover-path\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/rover-path.png?fit=1000%2C444&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/rover-path.png?resize=1000%2C444&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1672\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#062634;\">Curiosity has an arm mounted on it with a camera which takes large panorama, its visual conditions, wheels condition and more. The arm is usually photoshopped out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"563\" data-attachment-id=\"1674\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/cthecosmos.com\/?attachment_id=1674\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/download-1.jpg?fit=1600%2C900&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1600,900\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"download-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/download-1.jpg?fit=1000%2C563&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/download-1.jpg?resize=1000%2C563&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1674\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-background has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#fb0202;\"><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-black-color\">SOL 200- COMPLETE REBOOT \/ FLASH ERROR<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#062634;\">In the rovers \u2018A\u2019 side computer, the rover suddenly can\u2019t save the data anymore. Transmitting the data to the ground (earth) worked fine but it was unable to save the data. It also rebooted multiple times without any reason. Seeing this, the engineers quickly shifted to \u2018B\u2019 side of the computer.&nbsp; While analysing what went wrong, engineers found that there was some fault with the flash on \u2018A\u2019 side of the computer. They disabled half of the flash on the \u2018A\u2019 side and sifted to \u2018B\u2019 side from then on. &nbsp;&nbsp;Navigational cameras were separate for both \u2018A\u2019 and \u2018B\u2019. When the engineers shifted to \u2018B\u2019 side, they updated the software as the cameras would work with an offset and would give faulty data. Because of the Heat in Martian summers, the camera&#8217;s images were slightly warped. So, the team needed to write the code just by looking at the images on how to actually calculate out the warping.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"992\" height=\"559\" data-attachment-id=\"1685\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/cthecosmos.com\/?attachment_id=1685\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/streo-cameras.png?fit=992%2C559&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"992,559\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"streo-cameras\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/streo-cameras.png?fit=992%2C559&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/streo-cameras.png?resize=992%2C559&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1685\" \/><figcaption>Stereo Cameras<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\t\t<div class=\"aligncenter wpcnt\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpa\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"wpa-about\">Advertisements<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"u inline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"padding-bottom:15px;width:300px;height:250px;float:left;margin-right:5px;margin-top:0;\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"atatags-4-6a9ed63d30b07\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.getAdSnippetCallback = function () {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tif ( true === ( window.isWatlV1 ?? false ) ) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\/\/ Use IPONWEB scripts.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.__ATA = window.__ATA || {};\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.__ATA.cmd = __ATA.cmd || [];\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.__ATA.cmd.push(function() {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.__ATA.initSlot('atatags-4-6a9ed63d30b07', {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tcollapseEmpty: 'before',\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsectionId: '1273388396',\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tlocation: 200,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twidth: 300,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\theight: 250\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t});\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t});\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\/\/ Use Aditude scripts.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.tudeMappings = window.tudeMappings || [];\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.tudeMappings.push( {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdivId: 'atatags-4-6a9ed63d30b07',\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tformat: 'gutenberg_rectangle',\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twidth: 300,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\theight: 250,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t} );\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif ( document.readyState === 'loading' ) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdocument.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', window.getAdSnippetCallback );\n\t\t\t\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.getAdSnippetCallback();\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"700\" data-attachment-id=\"1677\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/cthecosmos.com\/?attachment_id=1677\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/cameras.png?fit=1095%2C767&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1095,767\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"cameras\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/cameras.png?fit=1000%2C700&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/cameras.png?resize=1000%2C700&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1677\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#062634;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration:underline;\">SOL 355 \u2013 CURIOSITY BIRTHDAY<\/span><\/strong><br>This (the singing) happens only ones. It has 8 birthdays since then.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1000\" height=\"563\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/UeA-x7gO6Yg?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%;\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-premium-content-container\">\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-premium-content-logged-out-view entry-content\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"subscribe-to-get-access\">Subscribe to get access<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Read more of this content when you subscribe today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-premium-content-buttons wp-block-buttons\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-recurring-payments wp-block-button\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-button wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link\" data-id-attr=\"recurring-payments-block-1\" id=\"recurring-payments-block-1\" href=\"https:\/\/subscribe.wordpress.com\/memberships\/?blog=127338839&amp;plan=1751&amp;lang=en_US&amp;pid=1646&amp;redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fcthecosmos.com\" target=\"_blank\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-wp-class--is-submitting=\"state.isSubmitting\" data-wp-bind--aria-disabled=\"state.isAriaDisabled\">Subscribe<span class=\"spinner\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"is-visually-hidden\">Submitting form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-premium-content-login-button wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link\" href=\"https:\/\/subscribe.wordpress.com\/memberships\/jwt\/?site_id=127338839&amp;redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fcthecosmos.com%2Fwp-json%2Fjetpack%2Fv4%2Fsubscribers%2Fauth%3Fredirect_url%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fcthecosmos.com%252Findex.php%253Frest_route%253D%25252Fwp%25252Fv2%25252Fposts%25252F1646\">Log in<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#062634;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration:underline;\">THE WHEELS<\/span><\/strong><br>After few SOLs, engineers noticed that the wheels of the rovers were wearing off pretty quickly than expected. After analysing, they found that the rover was forced to move over few rocks which were pointed out sharp and cemented to ground which resulted in punctures.&nbsp; Later, they tested with the wheels which were on earth on various terrains and updated the wheel drivers and steered off the rovers away from the rocky region to a more sandy region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"480\" height=\"480\" data-attachment-id=\"1675\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/cthecosmos.com\/?attachment_id=1675\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/giphy.gif?fit=480%2C480&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"480,480\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"giphy\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/giphy.gif?fit=480%2C480&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/giphy.gif?resize=480%2C480&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1675\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#062634;\"><strong><span style=\"color:#fc1d21;\" class=\"has-inline-color\">SOL 2172 \u2013Sept 15\/2018<\/span><\/strong><br>Curiosity was on \u2018B\u2019 side. It was unable to access a part of the memory where it stores data for later uploads. The rover was switched back to \u2018A\u2019 side and the engineers are trying to diagnose the problem on \u2018B\u2019 side. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\t\t<div class=\"aligncenter wpcnt\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpa\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"wpa-about\">Advertisements<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"u inline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"padding-bottom:15px;width:300px;height:250px;float:left;margin-right:5px;margin-top:0;\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"atatags-5-6a9ed63d3257f\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.getAdSnippetCallback = function () {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tif ( true === ( window.isWatlV1 ?? false ) ) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\/\/ Use IPONWEB scripts.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.__ATA = window.__ATA || {};\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.__ATA.cmd = __ATA.cmd || [];\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.__ATA.cmd.push(function() {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.__ATA.initSlot('atatags-5-6a9ed63d3257f', {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tcollapseEmpty: 'before',\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsectionId: '1273388396',\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tlocation: 200,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twidth: 300,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\theight: 250\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t});\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t});\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\/\/ Use Aditude scripts.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.tudeMappings = window.tudeMappings || [];\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.tudeMappings.push( {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdivId: 'atatags-5-6a9ed63d3257f',\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tformat: 'gutenberg_rectangle',\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twidth: 300,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\theight: 250,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t} );\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif ( document.readyState === 'loading' ) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdocument.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', window.getAdSnippetCallback );\n\t\t\t\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.getAdSnippetCallback();\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#062634;\">Its primary mission was until 2014. Back in 2018, scientist estimated that there were about 10 km left in the wheels before they completely wear off and another 10 years of MMRTG.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"563\" data-attachment-id=\"1684\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/cthecosmos.com\/?attachment_id=1684\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/drilling.gif?fit=1041%2C586&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1041,586\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"drilling\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/drilling.gif?fit=1000%2C563&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/drilling.gif?resize=1000%2C563&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1684\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"607\" data-attachment-id=\"1678\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/cthecosmos.com\/?attachment_id=1678\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/drill-collection.jpg?fit=1041%2C632&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1041,632\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"drill-collection\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/drill-collection.jpg?fit=1000%2C607&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/drill-collection.jpg?resize=1000%2C607&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1678\" \/><figcaption>DRILL COLLECTION OF CURIOSITY<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#062634;\">There are plenty of images taken by curiosity and large panoramas such as Central peak in gale crater. You can find the links to them below. At present, curiosity began its summer road trip in July this year.<br><strong><span style=\"text-decoration:underline;\">Interesting Update:<\/span><\/strong><br>Curiosity\u2019s sister rover \u2013MARS 2020.-very first rover to include a microphone, through which it is possible to listen to sounds of mars. Apart from this, there are many more interesting updates on MARS 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"535\" data-attachment-id=\"1680\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/cthecosmos.com\/?attachment_id=1680\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/before-stiching-1st-selfie.png?fit=1008%2C539&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1008,539\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"before-stiching-1st-selfie\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/before-stiching-1st-selfie.png?fit=1000%2C535&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/before-stiching-1st-selfie.png?resize=1000%2C535&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1680\" \/><figcaption>Before stitch<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"879\" height=\"569\" data-attachment-id=\"1681\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/cthecosmos.com\/?attachment_id=1681\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/after-stiching.png?fit=879%2C569&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"879,569\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"after-stiching\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/after-stiching.png?fit=879%2C569&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/after-stiching.png?resize=879%2C569&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1681\" \/><figcaption>After stitching the above image<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"712\" height=\"400\" data-attachment-id=\"1682\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/cthecosmos.com\/?attachment_id=1682\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/mount-sharp.png?fit=712%2C400&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"712,400\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"mount-sharp\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/mount-sharp.png?fit=712%2C400&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cthecosmos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/mount-sharp.png?resize=712%2C400&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1682\" \/><figcaption>Image of Mount Sharp. Complete panorama is available in the references.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-videopress\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"VideoPress Video Player\" aria-label='VideoPress Video Player' width='1000' height='563' src='https:\/\/videopress.com\/embed\/mDz3sX7R?cover=1&amp;preloadContent=metadata&amp;hd=0' frameborder='0' allowfullscreen data-resize-to-parent=\"true\" allow='clipboard-write'><\/iframe><script src='https:\/\/v0.wordpress.com\/js\/next\/videopress-iframe.js?m=1739540970'><\/script>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<amp-fit-text layout=\"fixed-height\" min-font-size=\"6\" max-font-size=\"72\" height=\"80\"><p class=\"has-white-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p><\/amp-fit-text>\n\n\n\t\t<div class=\"aligncenter wpcnt\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpa\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"wpa-about\">Advertisements<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"u inline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"padding-bottom:15px;width:300px;height:250px;float:left;margin-right:5px;margin-top:0;\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"atatags-6-6a9ed63d32d2e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.getAdSnippetCallback = function () {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tif ( true === ( window.isWatlV1 ?? false ) ) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\/\/ Use IPONWEB scripts.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.__ATA = window.__ATA || {};\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.__ATA.cmd = __ATA.cmd || [];\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.__ATA.cmd.push(function() {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.__ATA.initSlot('atatags-6-6a9ed63d32d2e', {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tcollapseEmpty: 'before',\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsectionId: '1273388396',\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tlocation: 200,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twidth: 300,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\theight: 250\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t});\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t});\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\/\/ Use Aditude scripts.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.tudeMappings = window.tudeMappings || [];\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.tudeMappings.push( {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdivId: 'atatags-6-6a9ed63d32d2e',\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tformat: 'gutenberg_rectangle',\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twidth: 300,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\theight: 250,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t} );\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif ( document.readyState === 'loading' ) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdocument.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', window.getAdSnippetCallback );\n\t\t\t\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\twindow.getAdSnippetCallback();\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>MARS! Our lovely neighbour.&nbsp; Do you want to go there? One day we might be there, don\u2019t worry, Elon\u2019s here with us. Scientists sent many rovers, landers and orbiters to mars. One among them is Curiosity. Curiosity is the largest and most capable rover ever sent to Mars. It launched November 26, 2011 and landed [&hellip;]<\/p>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/cthecosmos.com\/?p=1646\" class=\"more-link\">Read More <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">CURIOSITY &#8211; MSL<\/span><\/a>","protected":false},"author":120055267,"featured_media":1658,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"CURIOSITY - MSL\nRead how curiosity actually works and what problems it faced.\n","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[64204,174,6],"tags":[158186600,704670618,5129,3638,434,645180,4728922,52842,28628,79,223,181821578,593070,69909565,1972675,704670621,406752,44366,10099843,581,90350,163822,5419,12,30179],"class_list":["post-1646","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cosmos","category-space","category-technology","tag-alyers","tag-bae-rad750","tag-birthday","tag-curiosity","tag-earth","tag-elon","tag-embedded-c","tag-flash-memory","tag-fpga","tag-hardware","tag-mars","tag-mars-2020","tag-martian","tag-mmrtg","tag-msl","tag-raditiaton-hardened","tag-rover","tag-rsvp","tag-scientis","tag-software","tag-sol","tag-spacecraft","tag-technolgy","tag-testing","tag-vxworks","fallback-thumbnail"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.1.1 - 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