𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐝𝐨 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐛𝐲 𝐕𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐕𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧?

Verification and Validation (V&V) are critical activities in development. Verification ensures design compliance with requirements, while validation ensures the right system is built. These processes occur at different stages, with validation focusing on early development and verification on post-design production. Understanding these fundamental concepts is essential before exploring the involved techniques.

About Operating Systems

In today’s technological era, embedded systems have become an integral part of our daily life. From smart homes to smart cities, embedded systems are everywhere, and they are making our lives easier and more comfortable. Embedded systems are designed to perform specific tasks, and they are often used in applications where reliability and efficiency are […]

Addressing Modes

ALL ABOUT ADDRESSING MODES: Moving into the depths of low-level programming, we land upon assembly language. Assembly language is the closest language to us programmers and hardware. The assembly language is hardware dependent. You can’t write the same code for all the devices that you are about to use. Before you write any assembly code, […]

The allocators behind dynamic memory allocators

We know the common memory allocators as 𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐜(), 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐜(), 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐜(). Although having a different functionality, almost all of the above function as the same. 𝐌𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐜() allocates a chunk of memory with respect to the data type they are provided with.𝐒𝐲𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐱: pointer = (typecast*) malloc(byte-size) 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐜() allocates given chunk of memory with size of each element, […]

Some UNIX Utilities

GREP: Exploration of the metacharacters: ^ – It matches the beginning of a line $ – It matches the end of a line \ – It matches with a character placed next to it. Ex; * matches with the character * (asterisk) , \, with a comma, ] with a closing rectangular bracket and so […]

Stages of a Compiler

( Stage-1 ) About Preprocessor: ( Stage-2 ) About Compiler: ( Stage-3 ) About Assembler: ( Stage-4 ) About Liner or Link Editor: ( Stage-5 ) About Librarians and Libraries: During linking, a standard library, libc.a is automatically linked. If gcc -c is used:– The code is compiled but not linked. If gcc -Dname is […]

Memory weaved by hand – THe LVDC

The Launch Vehicle Digital Computer a.k.a LVDC is one of the critical components of the Saturn V launch. LVDC is the computer that provided the autopilot for Saturn V from launch to Earth Orbit Insertion. LVDC is designed and manufactured by IBM’s Electronics System Center. It is considered as one of the technologically advanced memory […]

FUN WITH POINTERS

Pointers!A confusing yet curious topic. What is a POINTER?Well, it’s a variable that stores the address of another variable. We often get confused by the dual operation performed by the pointer.‘&‘ Operator is an address operator that gives the address of a particular variable.‘*‘ Operator is an indirection operator, that refers to the value pointed […]

Sliding over 𝐑𝐒-𝟐𝟑𝟐

It is used for the Serial interface. Other devices can be controlled through the terminal for text interface through RS 232. It was introduced in 1960 and since its introduction, it was known as 𝐑𝐒-𝟐𝟑𝟐 but it is now officially called 𝐓𝐈𝐀-𝟐𝟑𝟐. The TIA-232 describes mostly the 𝟐𝟓-𝐩𝐢𝐧 connector, the 𝟗-𝐩𝐢𝐧 connector description is also […]

Peeking Into The Assembly

Assembly is tough. How does the processing of c code takes place in assembly? What are the kinds of instructions that we could see? What is actually happening in this gigantic mesh of lines? This is my small step to look into the assembly code of a small program/ replicating a small segment of code […]